Computer Systems encompasses the fundamental technologies that underpin computing devices and infrastructure. Computer Architecture focuses on the design and optimization of hardware systems, while Quantum Computing Systems explore emerging quantum technologies that aim to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. Compilers and Program Analysis involve translating high-level programming languages into machine code, ensuring that software runs efficiently across various hardware platforms. Distributed Systems, Networks, and Operating Systems manage how computers and devices communicate, ensuring scalability, reliability, and security, particularly in large-scale cloud computing environments.
Additionally, Real-Time, Cyber-Physical, IoT, and Autonomous Systems focus on systems that interact with the physical world, such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial automation, ensuring they perform reliably in real-time. Computer Security and Cryptography are essential to protecting these systems from threats by securing data, ensuring privacy, and preventing unauthorized access through encryption and other security measures. Together, these subsections integrate hardware and software to create the complex, interconnected systems that power modern computing.